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Introduction: Shalya Tantra, or the discipline of surgery, is one of the eight principal branches of Ayurveda, described extensively in the Sushruta Samhita. Sushruta is regarded as the “Father of Surgery,” and his treatise outlines principles of surgical anatomy, operative procedures, instruments, anesthesia, and post-operative care. Methods: A narrative review was undertaken by consulting primary Ayurvedic texts (Sushruta Samhita, Dalhana’s commentary), secondary classical resources, and modern peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and AYUSH Research Portal. Studies focusing on historical perspectives, experimental validations of surgical techniques, and contemporary applications of Shalya Tantra were included. Results: Sushruta Samhita presents a detailed account of Shalya Tantra, covering 300 surgical procedures, 120 surgical instruments, and descriptions of dissection techniques. Fundamental concepts such as Marma (vital points), Vrana (wounds), Shastra Karma (operative procedures), and Shalya (foreign bodies) management are elaborated. Notably, Sushruta’s accounts of rhinoplasty, cataract surgery, and wound healing remain relevant today. Modern studies highlight the efficacy of Ayurvedic wound management approaches, such as the use of honey, turmeric, and alkali preparations, alongside surgical techniques. Contemporary surgery also acknowledges Sushruta’s role in advancing principles of asepsis, surgical ethics, and holistic care. Discussion: The review indicates that Shalya Tantra in Sushruta Samhita represents a comprehensive surgical system, blending operative precision with holistic healing. Although modern surgery has evolved with technological advances, many foundational principles resonate with contemporary surgical practices. Gaps remain in terms of clinical validation, integration, and adaptation of Ayurvedic surgical concepts into evidence-based frameworks. Conclusion: Shalya Tantra, as documented in the Sushruta Samhita, demonstrates timeless surgical wisdom. Its integration with modern evidence offers opportunities for complementary approaches in wound care, minor surgical procedures, and holistic patient management.

KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Shalya Tantra, Sushruta, Surgery, Wound management