Concept of Panchamahabhuta in Samhitas – Classical Foundations and Modern Perspectives
Introduction: The concept of Panchamahabhuta (five great elements: Prithvi, Jala, Agni, Vayu, Akasha) forms a cornerstone of Ayurvedic philosophy, explaining the structure, function, and balance of the human body and the universe. Samhitas describe these elements as essential in health maintenance, disease pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and modern databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science). Keywords included “Panchamahabhuta,” “Ayurveda,” “Samhita,” “Dosha,” and “elemental theory.” Inclusion criteria comprised classical references and peer-reviewed studies on elemental physiology, clinical relevance, and modern correlations. Exclusion criteria were anecdotal and non-peer-reviewed sources. Results: Samhitas describe each Mahabhuta as associated with specific sensory qualities and Dosha predominance, influencing body constitution, disease susceptibility, and treatment strategies. Modern research links Panchamahabhuta to fundamental biochemical and physiological principles, including tissue composition, neuroendocrine balance, and environmental interactions. Understanding elemental imbalances offers insight into personalized medicine, preventive strategies, and lifestyle interventions. Discussion: Panchamahabhuta theory integrates classical Ayurvedic understanding with contemporary scientific evidence, highlighting the relevance of elemental balance in health and disease. Despite promising correlations, challenges exist in quantitatively measuring elemental influences and translating them into modern clinical practice. Conclusion: The Panchamahabhuta framework provides a timeless model for holistic understanding of physiology and pathology. Its integration into modern preventive and therapeutic strategies can enhance individualized healthcare approaches and support evidence-based Ayurvedic practice.
KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Dosha, Elements, Panchamahabhuta, Samhita